Electromagnetic brake



"arieh i, 1937., y E. M. FRASER www2@ ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKE Filed April' 16, 1954 5 sheets-Sheet l IHIHHH ATTORNEY E. M. FRASER I ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKE March 16, 1937.,

5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed April 16, 1934 ATTORNEYS.

E. M. FRASER ELECTROMAGNETIC BRAKE March M, 1937.

5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed April 16, 1934 fmHH MII H AWoRNEY mmh' il@ ma?, E. 'M FRASER www@ ELECTROMAGNET I C BRAKE Filed April 16, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 ATTORNEYS figg? March E6, 1937.

E. M. FASER 2959739926 ELECTROMAGNETI C BRAKE Filed April 16, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Patented Mar. 16, 1937` UNITED siirTI-isvA ELEomOMAGNECIICV BRAKE Ethelbert M. Fraser, Yonkers, N. Y., assignor to Fraser Automotive Appliances, Inc.

Application April 16, 1934., sei-iai No. 4720,717 1 39 claims. criss- 104) The present invention is directed to an im-` provement in electromagnetic brakes.

Without attempting to exhaust all ofthe characteristics of my improved brake, and its ad-` vantages over prior designs, as well as all of the v objects of the present invention, the following may be noted:

Ona-The brake of the present invention essentially comprises two elements, a stator and a rotor, these two members being maintained out of contact with each other whereby all friction with its consequent wear is eliminated andmy improved construction being such that the reluctance of the main magnetic circuit remains constant. f

Two.-My improved electromagnetic brake is so designed as to provide a brakewhich will be of minimum weight without the sacrifice of brake action, thereby providing a structure which is commercially adaptable for commercial vehicles as at present designed in substitution for the mechanical and hydraulic brakes now universally used in the automotive industry, for example. Three.-My improved brake, furthermore, is designed so as to be quiet in operation thereby adapting the same for ordinary commercial use.

Four.-The electromagnetic brake of this invention comprises essentially a rotor and a stator each provided with polar projections or teeth so relatively disposed that retardation and holding are eiected by zones. of dense ux passing from the teeth of the rotor to the teeth of the stator, and inasmuch as the retarding and holdingwactions vary as the square of the ilux density, the present invention provides for maximum ux density at the heel or trailing portion of each rotor tooth and at the toe or leading portion -of each of the cooperating stator teeth.

Five- 1n addition to a stator and a rotor my improved brake essentially comprises an exciting coil or coils, the stator and rotor teeth preferably being inside of or surrounded by this eX- citing coil whereby the fluxdensity is increased u thereby increasing the eiciency of my improved 4 apparatus as a braking mechanism.

Sim-While good brake action is obtained in an electromagnetic brake structure such as constituting the subject matter of my Patent No. 1,954,809, granted April 17, 1932, wherein I pro-` vide a structure in which the stator and rotor teeth are parallel I nd greatly improved results are obtained by the present construction where- 55 to each other. l

-Other and further objects will ,appear4 hereinafter.

In the accompanying drawings :A

Fig. 1 is a sectional elevational viewof one embodiment of my invention; f

Fig. 2 is a section on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a developed View taken at'theline 3-3 of Fig. 1;

-Fig. 4 is a similar view taken at the lline 4-4 of Fig. 1; 10

Fig. 5 is afragmentary sectional View of a modiiled embodimentof my invention;

Fig. 6 is a developed view taken substantially on the line 6--6 of Fig. 5;

Fig. 7 is a developed view similar to that of Fig. 15 6 showing a modified tooth arrangement;

Fig. 8 is a sectional elevational view similar to Fig. 1 of a further modification of the invention;

Fig. 9.is a section on the line 9-9 of Fig. 8;

Fig; 10 is a fragmentary view in sectional eleva- 20 tion of a further modication of the invention;

Fig. 1l is a section on the line Il-H of Fig. 10;

Figs. :12,v 13 and 14 are sectional. elevational views similar to Fig. 1 of further embodiments of my invention; 25

Fig. 15 is a developed view taken substantially at the line I 5-l5 of Fig. 14;

Fig. 16 is a fragmentary sectional elevational view of another embodiment of my invention in which provision is made for ,cooling and sound 30 deadening;

Fig. 17 isa view substantially on the line I'l--I 'I of Fig'. 16; and l Fig. 18 is a fragmentary View showing another construction also embodying cooling and sound 35 deadening means..

Referring to the drawings in detail and first of all to the embodiment of my invention illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4, ymy improved -electromagnetic brake essentially comprises a rotorpa stator and an exciting coil or coils. Upon reference to the several figures just mentioned it will be seen that this embodiment of my invention is/in the nature ofv a circularv electromagnet comprising a fixed sectional ring electromagnetframe I, carrying an exciting coil 2 receiving its energy from any suitable source of power, the ring armature 3 for the electromagnet being rotatable.

When my `brake is applied to a motor vehicle for example the armature or rotor 3 conveniently 50 may be attached to the bell 4 attached to the wheel 5, while the stator or magnet frame l may be attached to a stationary drum or housing 8.

In such an installation the energizing current fr the coil 2 may be taken from the vehicle battery. 55

The sides of the electromagnet frame I are so shaped that the poles I extend inwardly towards each other parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor. 'Ihis construction provides an' annulus or ring and on the inner face of -this ring or annulus, i. e. on the face of the poles 1 I provide teeth 8 or polar projections extending parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotatable element of the device, each of these teeth being surrounded by a closed copper loop or short-circuiting electroconductive means 9. If desired the face of the teeth 8 may be slotted transversely as shown at Il l and the slots lled with copper, for example, brazed in place and designated II. 'I'his provides a construction by which the teeth 8 are divided into a number of sections each surrounded by a copper circuit, which is desirable when the angle between the teeth I2 and 8 is very large.

'I'he rotor or armature 3 is in the form of a ring or annulus concentric with the stator, the periphery of this armature lying close to the poles 'I of the stator. The outer periphery of the armature is provided with two series of teeth or polar projections I2 and I 3, these teeth instead of extending parallel to the teeth 8 on the magnet poles, extending at an angle thereto. .While the teeth both on the rotor` and stator are evenly spaced, the number of teeth on one of theseelements is a multiple of the number of teeth on the other.

trated) as on the other element, as I have found such an arrangement gives excellent results. It will be seen from the drawings that the teeth 8 on the face of the pole 1 are smaller than the teeth or polar projections I2 and I3 on the rotor or armature 3 and hence throughout the remainder of this description and in the'claims these teeth will be referred to, respectively, as minor extent teeth and major extent teeth. It is lto be- Y noted also that the width of each of the major width teeth l2 and I3 circumferentially' is substantially .equal to the circumferential width of one of the minor width teeth 8 plus the circumferential width of the space between adjacent teeth 8.

In my copendig application above referred to the number of teeth n one element of the brake was a multiple of the number of teeth on the other brake element, but in that design the teeth in one element extended parallel to the teeth of the other element. The present invention retains the novel feature ofthe teeth of one element being a multiple of the number of teeth of the other element, but I find Athat improved results are obtained if, as in the present invention, I arrange the teeth of one element at an langle to the teeth on the other element.

, It will be appreciated, of course, that retarda tion and holding, i. e. resistance to movement -of the rotor of my brake with respect to the stator are effected, when the coil 2 is energized as retarding and holding vary as the square of the flux density, it is of very material advantage to have as great a flux density as possible at. the

As illustrated I have provided twice as lmany teeth on one element (the stator` as illusretardation is more uniform and noise reduced, all of which makes for a more satisfactory commercial brake.

It will be appreciated also from the foregoing` that the brake of this invention is superior to the design in my copending application above referred to in that the rotor and stator teeth are disposed inside the exciting coil 2, i. e. are surrounded by the exciting coil, as distinguished from my prior invention above mentioned, the lines of force by the present arrangement being caused by the magneto-motive force to travel in parallel'paths thereby to increase the fiux density, and improve the braking action.

It will be further appreciated that the teeth of the stator and rotor are so arranged that the reluctance of the main magnetic circuit of the device remains substantially constant at all positions of relative movement between the stator and rotor, due to the fact that at all positions of the rotor relatively to the stator the total area of the flux path betweeny itself and one of said minor extent polar projections at the same time and to substantially the same degree that it expands the iiux path between itself and the other of said minor extent polar projections.

With reference to the embodiment of my invention as illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6: In this construction the poles of the electromagnet are provided with minor extent teeth I4 each surrounded by a closed copper loop -or winding or short-circuiting electroconductive means I5 as in the embodiment shown in Fig. l, the teeth extending parallel to the axis of rotation ofthe rotor.- The other element II of the brake, the rotor as illustrated, is provided on its periphery with teeth I8 of major extent cooperating with the minor extent teeth I4, these teeth being arranged spirally circumferentially of the element I'I, and being offset with respect to each other transversely of the face of the element I'I, so that each group of teeth disposed transversely of the element I1 lies at an angle to the teeth Il, similar to the angular disposition of the teeth I2 and I3 of Fig. 3 with respect, to the teeth 8.

Itwill be seen that each of the teeth I8 is *roughly triangular in cross section (see Fig. 6)

the, apex of each triangle provided by each tooth concentrating the fiux and insuring maximum retarding and holding.

The arrangement shown inFigs. 5 and 6 is quieter running on movement of the teeth I8 from right to left as viewed in Fig. 6 with respect to the stator, than the arrangement of Fig. :l for example, and retarding and holding improved for both directions of movement. It is to be understood that the energizing coil surrounds the teeth of both the magnet and armature as in Fig. l.

In Fig. 7 the stator is constructed the same as in Fig. 5, while the rotor is provided with teeth 20 arranged the same as 'in Figs. 5 and 6, the teeth 20, however, being diamond-shaped in cross section. This construction gives me all the advantages of the construction described in connection with Figs. 5 and 6, with the additionalA advantage that the retarding and holding action are the same for both directions of travel of the rotor.

It will be seen that in the teeth of Fig. 6 as well as in the teeth of Fig. '7 the adjacent sides meet each other at an angle other than a right angle.

In the embodiment of my invention as illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9 I provide a circular electromagnet the stationary frame of which is divided into two sections 2| and 22, the poles 23 and 24 extending inwardly toward each other, the faces of the poles extending radially of the device. I'he frame section 2| is shown bolted to xed housing 25, while a thin plate 26 is` bolted to the frame section 22, the inner edge of this plate, which is in the form of an annulus, resting upon the periphery o f the housing 21 which carries the rotor as will be explained presently.

The opposing faces of the poles 23 and 24 are provided with minor extent teeth 28, extending radially of the device, each tooth being surrounded with a closed copper loop 29 providing a closed circuit of low resistance.l

The rotor 30 is in the form of a ring or annulus secured to a thin flexible plate' 3| carried by the rotary housing 21, the rotor as will be understood lying intermediate the poles 23 and 24 of the stator.` In this embodiment of my invention the opposite faces of the rotor are provided with major extent teeth 32 cooperating with the minor vextent teeth 28 on the faces of the stator poles.

As will be seen from Fig. 9 the teeth 32 of major extent are disposed at an angle to the minor extent teeth 28 on the stator. By mounting the rotor on the thin plate' 3| a certain amount of misalignment or displacement of the rotary and stationary parts, to which the rotor and stator of the brake are applied, is permitted without causing the teeth on the rotor to rub on the teeth of the poles of the stator with excessive pressure.

rihe exciting coil 33 in this embodiment of my invention surrounds the teeth of both the ttator and rotor as in the other embodiments of -the inner face of each armature with two sets of teeth 33, extending radially with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotor. Each tooth 38 is surrounded by a closed copper coil or shortcircuiting electroconductive means 40. The teeth 39 are not so surrounded.

The stator'of this embodimentv of my invention comprises an annularmagnet frame composed of sections 4|, 42 and 43 providing poles 44, and 46, 41. The faces of each of the poles 44 and 41 are provided with two sets of teeth 48 and 49 in staggered relation, while the faces of the poles 45 and 46 are provided with two sets of teeth 50 and 5| arranged in staggered relation, each of the teeth composing the sets 50 and 5| being surrounded by closed copper coils or'electroconductive means 52.

In the embodiment of my invention illustrated in Fig. 12 rotary member 53 carries on its face two ring armatures 54 and 55 each of which is provided with copper clad teeth 56 on both faces,

xi. e. on its outer periphery, extending parallel to the axis of rotation of the armatures, and on its inner periphery with non-clad teeth 51 also extending parallel to the axis of rotation.

The stator is composed of three sections 58, 59 and 60 providing two electromagnet frames. The energizing coils are designated 6| and 62. The faces of the magnet poles 63 and 64 are provided with non-clad teeth 65 extending parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotors 54 and 55 and cooperating with the copper clad teeth 56 thereof. The faces of the magnet poles 66 and 61 are provided with copper clad teeth 68 cooperating with the non-clad teeth 51 of the armatures.

In the embodiment of my invention illustrated in Fig. 13 a single rotary armature 59 is provided, the inner and outer peripheries of this armature being provided with sets of non-clad teeth 10 and 1| extending parallel to the axis of rotation lof the armature.

The poles 12 and 13 of stationary electromagnet 14, the exciting coil of which is designated 15, are provided with teeth 16 and 11 which are copper clad similarly to the teeth 56 of Fig. 12 for example, cooperating with the teeth 18 and 1| of the armature.

In the embodiment of my invention illustrated ir?. Figf 11i and' 15 I provide a rotary ring armature 18 having sets of teeth 15 on both its .inner and outer periphery surrounded with copper providing a low resistance circuit about each tooth. These teeth extend parallel to the axis of rotation of the armature.

'Ihe stator of this embodiment of the invention comprises magnet frame 8| and exciting coil 82.

Carried in the magnet frame 8| and surrounding the armature 18 are a plurality of concentric rings 83 constituting one pole of the magnet. The inner peripheries of each of these rings is shaped to provide vsets of teeth 84. 'Ihese teeth are so disposed that the teeth provided by one ring 83 are oiset with respect to the teeth provided by the adjacent ring 83 with reference to the transverse axis of the electromagnet, so that with respect to the axis of rotation of the armature 18 the sets of teeth 84 may be said to be arranged spirally about the inner peripheries of the rings 83.

'Ihe other pole of the electromagnet is provided by concentric rings 85 each of which is so shaped on its outer periphery as to provide sets of teeth 86 disposed similarly to the teeth 84, as will be seen from Fig. 15.

It is to be understood that the exciting current for the electromagnet in the various embodiments of my invention may be taken from any suitable source of power, as for instance when the brake is applied to a motor vehicle the exciting current ycan be taken from the vehicle battery as indicated in Figures 1 and 8 where B designates the battery, L the battery leads and S a suitable switch.

In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17 and in which figures 81 designates the rotor and 88 the stator of my improved brake, I make provision for cooling andsound deadening by equipping the stator with water jackets 89. The teeth 88 on the poles of the stator are extended along the side of the magnet frame and copper clad, as shown at 9|.

The construction shown in Fig; 18 is also water cooled, the frame 92 of the stator being cored out as shown at 93 for the reception of the cooling fluid S4.

Itis to be understood that in all the embodiments of my invention hereinabove described the stator and'rotor may be reversed, the stator becoming arotor and the rotor a stator; it is to be understood also that in allv cases the number of teeth on one member is a multiple of the number of teeth on the other member; it is to be appreciated, furthermore, that in all cases where the teeth of major extent may be shown on the rotor, for example, they may, within the contemplation of this invention, be located on the stator: likewise where the teeth of-major extent are disposed at an angle to the axis of rotation of the rotor, for instance, such teeth may be disposed parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor and the teeth on the other member set at an angle.

Throughout the above description I havereferred to the teeth on one element ofthe brake as being copper clad. It is to be distinctly understood that the teeth on either -or both brake elements may be copper clad without departing from the spirit and scope 4of this invention. Other and further variations may be made in the details of construction and arrangement of parts above described within the purview of my y other, the teeth on one of said members being angularly disposed with respect to theteeth on the other of said members, and' a single winding l gle to the teeth on the other of said members,

`for said magnet.

3. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a magnet with toothed poles, a

toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, one

" of said members being rotatable relatively to the other, arid the teeth on one of said members being disposed at an angle to the teeth on the other of said members, the number of teeth on one member being a multiple of the number of teethon theother, and means for energizing said magnet.

4. An electromagnetic -brake comprising in combination a magnet with toothed poles, a

.toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, one

of said'members being rotatable relatively to the other, :and the teeth on one of said members beingdisposed at an angle to the teeth on the other of said members, the number of teeth on one member being a multiple of the number of teeth on the other, and a single winding for said magnet.

5. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a magnet with toothed poles, va toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, one

of said members being rotatable relatively to the relatively to the other, the teeth on one of said members being angularly disposed with respect to the teethon the other of said members, the number o'f teeth on one of said members being 'a multiple of the numberof teeth on the other of said members and said teeth being so arranged that the reluctance of the main magnetic circuit is substantially. constant, and means for energizing said magnet.

7. An electromagnetic brake. comprising inl combination a single circular magnet having a plurality of poles the face of each of which vis toothed, atoothed magnetic armature for said magnet, one of said members'being rotatable re1- atively to the other, the teeth on one of .said members being angularly disposed with respect to the teeth on the other of said members, the

number of teeth on one of said members being a multiple of the number of teeth on the other of said members and said teeth being sov arranged that the reluctance of the main mag- .netic circuit is substantially constant, and a single winding for said magnet.

8. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a ms met having toothed pol, a toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, the teeth on one of' said members being angularly disposed with respect to the teeth on the other of said members, `said armature being rotatable relatively to the said magnet, the numberof teeth on a pole of one of said members being twice the number of teeth on .the cooperating pole-of the other of said memberaand means -for energizing said magnet.

9. An 'electromagnetic vbrake comprising, in combination .a single circularL magnet provided with toothed poles, a toothed magnetic armature `for said magnet, one vof said members being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on one of said members being disposed at an anand the number of teeth on one of said members being. a multiple of the number of teeth on the other of said members, and a winding for said magnet surrounding said members.

10. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a magnet with toothed poles, a toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, one of said members being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on one of said members being angularly disposed with respect to the teeth on the other of said members, and a winding for said magnet surrounding said members.

'11. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a magnet with toothed poles, a toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, the

teeth on one of said members being disposed at an angle to the teeth on the other of said members, one of said members being rotatable relatively to the other, a pole of one4 member having twice as many teeth as the cooperating pole of the other member, and a winding for said magnet surrounding said members.

12. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a circular magnet having toothed poles, a toothed magnetic armature for said magnet, one of said members being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on one of said lmembers extending parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotatable member, the teeth on the other of said members extending at an angle to said axis of rotation.

13. An electromagnetic brake comprising -ln combination a circular magnet having toothed 2,928,926 poles, a toothed magnetic armature for said magnetone ofls'aid members being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on oneof said members vexter'iding. parallel to the axis of rotaftioril of the"rotatable member, the teeth on lthe other of said. members extending at an angle'to magnet, one of vsaid, members being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on one of said members extending parallel lto the axis rof rotation of `the rotatable member, the teeth on the other of said members extending at an angle to said axis, of rotation, the-number of teeth on one of said members being a multiple of the number-of 4teeth on the other of said members, and a single Winding for said magnet.

. 15.An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination, a circular magnet with toothed poles, a circular toothed magnetic armature for said magnet,v one of said membersv being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on one of said members being disposed parallel to the axis of rotation ofthe rotatable member, theteeth on the other of said members being disposed at an angle to said axis of rotation, and a single winding for said magnet surrounding said toothed members. Y

16. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a circular tmagnet with toothed poles, a circularwinding for said magnet surrounding said toothed poles, a rotatable toothed armature for said magnet provided with peripheral teeth, the teeth on the armature extending at an angle to theteeth on thev poles'of the magnet.

f l 17. An electromagnetic .brake comprising in ,being disposed at an angle to the teethon the face of the armature. i E l 18. An. electromagnetic brake comprising. in

,combination a,circular magnet, theinner periphery of which provides the poles of the magnet, teeth on the magnet poles extending transversely of the magnet, an exciting coil for the magnet surrounding said toothed poles, a .rotary armature for said magnet surroundedl by the magnet, the outer periphery of the armature being provided with teeth cooperating with the teeth onthe magnet poles, the armature teeth being disposed at an angle to theaxis of rotation of the armature. A y

19. An ,electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a xed circularr magnet, the inner periphery of which provides the magnet poles, copper clad teeth on. the faces of said poles, said teeth extending transversely of the magnet, an energizing coil for the magnet mounted within the magnet frame and surrounding said toothed poles, a rotary ring 'armature for said magnet, the outer periphery of which is provided with sets of teeth cooperating respectively with the teeth'of the magnet poles, the` teeth on said armature being disposed parallel to each other but at an angle to the teeth on the magnet poles.

20. Anelectromagnetic brake comprising in `combination a stationary circular magnet the inner periphery of which provides the magnet poles, copper clad teeth on the faces of said magnet poles extending transversely of the magnet, the toothed faces of said poles being grooved circumferentially of the magnet, said grooves being lled with electric conducting material, a rotary armature for said magnet, the outer periphery of which is provided with teeth cooperating with the teeth on the poles of the magnet, the teeth on the armature extending at an angle to the axis of rotation of the armature.

21. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a circular magnet provided with toothed poles, a toothed ring armature for said magnet, one of said members being rotatable relatively to the other, said armature teeth being oiset with respect to each other transversely of the face of the armature.

22. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a circular magnet with toothed poles, a toothed ring armature for said magnet, one of said members being rotatable relatively to the other, the teeth on the armature being arranged spirally circumferentially of the armature, a coil surrounding the toothed poles of the magnet and said armature and means for energizing said coil.

23. An electromagnetic brake'y comprising in combination a circular magnet with toothed poles, a toothed ring armature for said magnet, a coil Isurrounding the poles of the magnet and said armature, means for energizing said coil, the innerperiphery of said magnet being toothed and providing the magnet poles, the outer periphery of said armature being provided with teeth arranged spirally circumferentially of the varmature Vandofiset with respect to each other transversely of the face of the armature.

24. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a circular magnet the inner periphery of which provides the magnet poles, said poles being toothed, a-ring armature for said magnet, the outer periphery of which is toothed, one of said members beingv rotatable relatively lto the other, the teeth on one of said members being disposed parallel to the axis of rotation oi the rotatable member, the teeth on the other of said members being arranged Ispirally circum- :ferentially thereof and oset with respect to .each other transversely thereof, and a winding for said magnet surrounding the toothed magnet poles and the armature.

2,5. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a .circular magnet with toothed poles, a ring armature therefor, said armature being rotatable with respect to said magnet and provided with teeth substantially triangular. in cross section, said teeth being arranged spirally circumferentially of the armature and offset with respect to each other -transversely of the armature, and energizing means for the magnet.

26. An electromagnetic Ibrake comprising in combination a circular magnet with toothed poles, a ring armature therefor, said armature being provided with teeth substantially diamond shaped in crossv section, said teeth being arranged spirally circumferentially of the armature and offset with respect to each other transversely of the armature, and energizing means for the magnet.

27. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination a -,circular magnet with toothed poles, a ring armature therefor, said armature being provided with teeth irregularly shaped in cross section, said teeth being arranged spirally circumferentially of the armature and offset with respect to each other transversely of the armature, and energizing means for the magnet.

28. An electromagnetic brake comprising in combination 4a circular 1electromagnet provided with toothed poles, a circular armature therefor extending between said toothed poles and toothed on each face, the teeth on the `armature faces being disposed at an angle to the teeth on the poles of the magnet, and means for energizing the magnet.

29. An electromagnetic brake comprising in v combination a plurality of circular concentric electromagnets provided with toothed poles, rotary circular armatures therefor lying between the poles of said magnets, and teeth on each face of each of said magnets disposed at an angle to the teeth onv the poles of the magnets.

30. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member having toothed poles, a magnetic armature member also having toothed poles cooperating with the toothed poles of the said electromagnetic member,` one of the said members being rotatable relative to the other, the teeth on one of said members being of major facial extent as compared to the teeth of the other of said members, which are of minor facial extent, one set of teeth extending parallel tothe axis of rotation of the rotatable member, the other set of teeth extending at an angle thereto, the said teeth being proportioned relative to each other to provide a magnetic path of substantially uniform reluctance between the two said members at substantially all positions of relative movement therebetween.

31. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member having polar projections or'teeth, an armature member also having polar projections or teeth cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic member for conducting the magnetic flux generated by the latten-one of the said members being rotatable' relative to the other, the polar projections of one of isaid members being parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotatableI member, the other polar projections being at an angle thereto, the polar projections of one of said members being of major width circumfer'- entially as compared to the polar projections of the other of the said members, which are of minor width circumferentially, the said major width polar projections each having a widthcircumferentially substantially equal to the circumferential width of one of said minor width polar projections plus the circumferential width of the space therebetween.

32. An electromagnetic brake including in combination'an electromagnetic member having polar projections or teeth, an armature member also having polar projections or teeth `cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic member for conducting' the magv netic flux generated by the latter, one of the said members being rotatable relative to the other, the polar projections of one of saidmembers being parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotatable member, the other polar projections being dis-` posed at an angle thereto, the polar projections of one of said members beingof major width circumferentially as compared to the polar projections of the other of the saidpmy mbers, which are of minor width circumferentially, electroconductive means around the said minor width.

member also having polar projections or teeth r cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic member for conducting the magnetic iiux generated by the latter, one of the said members being rotatable relative to the other.'

the polar projections of one of said members extending diagonally with respect to the polar projections of the other member, the polar projections of one of said members being of major facial extent as'compared to the polar projections of the other of said members, which are of minor facial extent, the lsaid major extentand minor extent polar projections being proportioned relative to each other to provide a magnetic path of substantially uniform reluctance betweenv the two said members at substantially all positions of relative movement therebetween, and short circuiting electroconductive means extending around the said minor extent polar projections to create therein secondary magnetic forces of `such polarity as to oppose-the relative movementI referred to. A

34. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member having polar projections or teeth, a magneticarmaturemember also having p'olar projections or teeth cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic member, one of the said members being rotatable relative to the other, and the polar projections of one member extending diagonally with respect to the polar projections of the other member, the polar projections of one of said members being of major facial extent as compared to the polar projections of the other of said members, which are of minor facial extent, the said major extent poles being so proportioned that a given one thereof provides a magnetic .bridge between two of the said minor extent poles of such span as to contract the flux path between itself and one of said minor extent poles at the same time and to substantially the same degree that it expands the ux path between itself and the other of said minor extent poles.

35. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member having polar projections or teeth, a magnetic armature member also having polar projections or teeth cooperating with the polar projections of thesaid electromagnetic member, one of the said members beilfg rotatable relative to the other, and the polar pro-y jections of one member extending diagonally with1 respect to the polar projections of the'othermember, the polar projections of one of said members two of the immediately adjacent minor .extent` poles of such span as to contract the ux path between itself and one of said minor `extent poles at the same time that it expands the ux path 'between itself and the other of the said immediately adjacent minor extent poles.

36. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member having polar projections or teeth, a magnetic armature member also having polar projections cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic' member, one of the said members being rotatable relative to the other, the polar projections of one of smd Imembers being of major facial extent as compared to the polar projections of the otherv of said members and disposed diagonally with respect thereto, the said major extent poles being so proportioned that a given one thereof provides a magnetic bridge between two of the immediatelyA adjacent minor extent poles of such span as to contract the flux path between itself and one .of said minor extent poles at the same time and to substantially the same degree that it expands the flux path between itself and the other of said immediately adjacent minor extent poles.

37. .An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member having polar projections or teeth, an armature member also having polar projections or teeth cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic member, one of the said members being rotatable relative to the other, the polar projections oi one of said members being of major pitch width as compared to the polar projections of the other of the said members, and extending diagonally with respect thereto, the said major width polar projections being so proportioned that a given one thereof provides a magnetic bridge between two of the said minor width poles of such extent as to contract the flux path between itself and one of said minor width poles at the same time and to substantially the same degree that it expands the flux path between itself and the other of said minor width poles.

38. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member ier gener ating a lmain magnetic flux and having polar projections or teeth, a magnetic armature member also having polar projections or teethcooperating with the polar projections of 'the said elec-A tromagnetic member, one of said members being rotatable relative to the other, the'polar projections of. one of said members being of major facial extent as compared to the polar projections oi the other of said members, and extending in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotatable member, electroconductive means extending around said minor extent polar pro jections, the said major extent polar projections being so proportioned that a given one thereof provides a magnetic bridge between two of the said minor extent polar projections of such span as to contract the ux path between itself and one of said minor extent polar projections at the same time and to substantially the same degree that it expands the ux path between itself and the other of said minor extent polar projections, whereby upon relative movement between said members the electroconductive means around said minor extent polar projections will induce in the latter secondary magnetic forces of such polarity as will reinforce the main magnetic iiux in the said minor extent polar projections with respect to which the ux path is being contracted and oppose the said main magnetic iiux at the minor extent polar projection with respect to which the flux path is being expanded. j

39. An electromagnetic brake including in combination an electromagnetic member for generating a main magnetic ux and having polar projections or teeth, a magnetic armature member also having polar projections or teeth cooperating with the polar projections of the said electromagnetic member, one of said members being rotatable relative to the other, the polar projections of one of said members being of major pitch width as compared to the polar projections of the other of said members, which are of minor pitch width, the major pitch width projections extending at an angle with respect to the axis of rotation of the rotatable member, the minor pitch width projections extending parallel to the same axis, short-circuiting electroconductive means extending around the said minor width polar projections, the said major width polar projectionsv being so proportioned that a given one thereof provides a magnetic bridge between two of the said minor width polar projections of such extent as to contract the flux path between itself and one of said minor width polar projections at the same time and to substantially the same degree that it expands the flux path between itself and the other of said minor width polar projections, whereby upon relative movement between said members the electroconductive means around said minor width polar projections will induce in the latter secondary magnetic forces of such polarity as will reinforce the main magnetic flux in the minor width polar projection with respect to which the iiux path is being contracted and oppose the said main magnetic 'flux at the minor width polar projection with respect to which the ux path is'being expanded.

M. FEVASER. 

